The human defence system tries to protect the body against pathogens, which refers to fungi, virus, and/or bacteria constantly trying to invade the body. It comprises three main types of immunities: the innate immunity, the adaptive immunity, and the passive immunity.
1st line of defence: Innate Immunity
The innate immunity system is the basic resistance the body possesses against diseases and infections. It acts as the 1st line of defence, preventing disease-causing microbes called pathogens from entering the body. This system consists of physical barriers such as the skin or the mucous lining (scroll down to Examples of each Line of Defence for more examples).
2nd line of defence: Adaptive Immunity
The adaptive immunity system protects the body from re-exposure to a pathogen that already attacked the body once before. This system develops as people are exposed to more diseases or as people become immunized against diseases by vaccinations. Cells that are responsible for this include white blood cells called macrophages and granulocytes or natural killer (NK) cells. For more examples, scroll down to Examples of each Line of Defence .
3rd line of defence: Passive and Active Immunity
The passive immunity system manufactures antibodies called lymphocytes (particularly the B cells and T cells) that destroy pathogens such as virus-infected cells or other damaged, dysfunctional cells.
Concept <Human Defense System>
Human Defense System There are 3 lines of defense in a human defense system. This system tries to protect the body against pathogens, which refer to fungi, virus, and/or bacteria constantly trying to invade the body through different holes and spaces. The relationship between the human defense system and pathogen can be represented through different factors in Trojan War.
Human Defense System: Troy Kingdom Pathogen: Greek Troops (invaders) The Trojan War occurs because Greek Troops invade Troy. The Greek Troop�s official objective was to take back one of the emperor�s wife back. However, they also planned destroy to Troy completely. In the war, Greek Troops were like pathogens that attack our body. While Troy kingdom was the human defense system with several defenses (3) to defend the kingdom.Something that relates them even closer, IF Troy did manage to beat the Greeks in the war. Than next time, if the Greeks were to ever return Troy would be ready, and would use tactics that were most succsessful in there last incounter, just like our body, with creating different antibodies that are effective to different infections and diseases. The Gate: HolesUsually, the pathogen enters through holes such as mouth, nose, broken skin etc. This is similar to gate of a castle wall, because when it opens it can let harmful beings come in. Sometimes it isn't that gate that opens, welcoming in the army, but it's the walls that break, just like our skin breaking, it's our first line of defence just like that castle. So when our skin breaks the pathogens enter, just like the enemy charging in the broken part in the wall. 1st line of defense: Castle Wall A physical barrier trying to block out all pathogens that can enter the body. One example of this line is the skin. Like a castle wall, it is non-specific to what it blocks but tries to block out any intruders or invaders. However, the actual physical barrier of our general defense system is not as simple as castle wall. Also, unlike castle wall, some of the physical barrier in our general defense system not only block, but kill/ trap and take other actions to prevent the pathogen. Thereby, they try to keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments in the first place. 2nd line of defense: Troy soldiers This line of defense takes over if the pathogen manages to get past the first one. It is also a non-specific defense system where it tries to fight off any pathogens. However, one major difference between the first and the second defense is that the 2nd line actually tries to 'fights off' and not just block. The cellular and chemical system immediately responds once a pathogen penetrates. Therefore, they take more action and processes. For example, once the skin is broken and micro-organism penetrates into our body, white blood cells engulf it to let it become digested. This line of defense is just like soldiers inside their castle wall (1st line of defense) fighting off enemies who have managed to intrude into the walls. 3rd line of defense: Assassins Unlike the other two, is a specific defense system where the system attacks specific invaders. This defense system is like assassins who are asked to kill major threats. Inside our body, this can happen by the production of antibodies or by specialized white blood cells engulfing and destroying the particular pathogen. These days, artificial active immunity is also used, called vaccination. In this way, the white blood cells and antibodies are like assassins. Examples of each Line of Defense:
Besides the first line of defense described above like skin ect. the immune system can be split into two main categories: Innate (non specific - attacks all pathogens) and adaptive (specific-attacks only 1 specific pathogen) In both of these categories you have the Humoral and Cellular defense system. In the second and third line of defense you can distinguish between humoral immunity and celluar immunity. Humoral immunity is a defense system that involes substances that are found in the body fluids (blood etc.). Celluar immunity is based on the different white blood cells of the body.
Innate -non specific
A) Humoral non specific:
The non specific Humoral defense system consists of:- cytokine (small chemical molecules which serves as small messages between cells for example interferon)- complement system (small proteins in the blood that are inactive but get activated by cytokine) It supports or complements the immune system by:
Opsonization - enhancing phagocytosis of antigens (It makes the pathogen more attractive to be eaten by a white blood cell)
Chemotaxis - attracting macrophages and neutrophils (It makes easier for the white blood cells to find the pathogen)
Lysis - rupturing membranes of foreign cells (poke a hole into the membrane)
Clumping of antigen-bearing agents (they stick pathogens together so that they are easier to distroy by making them inmobile)
Altering the molecular structure of viruses (changing the structure of the virus so that it cannot attack anymore)
The key principle is to make it easier for the celluar defense system to get rid of the pathogens.
B) Cellular non specific
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- monocytes
- NK (natural killer) cells
- eosinophils
Adaptive - specific
A) Humoral Specific
- antibodies (see table below) B) Cellular specific
- T Cells (kill pathogen which carry antibodies on their surface) - memory cells (remember the antigen and when it comes again to the body they can get rid of it very quickly)
- B Cells ( produce antibodies)
In order to fight off diseases, our body can recognize foreign materials and invaders when they enter our body. These �invaders� are bacteria, viruses, etc� that are covered with molecules called antigens. Antigens give the �invaders� a sense of uniqueness and are usually parts of protein or carbohydrate molecules. There are countless numbers of antigens, each having a different shape, being recognized by the white blood cells in one�s immune system. Antigen stands for antibody genorator, which means that they stimulate the antibodies to come and attack the pathogen beneath the antigen.The white blood cells produce antibodies in order to match the shape of the antigens. These antibodies envelope the antigens, killing the �invaders� (which are also known as pathogens). (Immune Response http://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/640_647.pdf)
However, sometimes things may go wrong. For example, the immune system may take a couple of days to produce enough antibodies in order to fight off the pathogens. During this wait, the body tissues may get damaged and symptoms of the infection may be felt. This can result in serious body damage, possibly creating symptoms such as fevers, coughs, running noses, etc�
In order to elimnate the pathogens, there are two types of phagocytic cells that carry out the process of phagocytosis. These cells are known as neutrophils and monocytes. Phagocytosis is the process where these cells kill and ingest the foreign materials (pathogens). At first, the phagocytic cells created from the process get attracted to the area where the pathogens are at. Once moved in, the cells attach themselves to the microorganisms, coating around the pathogens. This process is known as opsonization. Once coated around the pathogen, the pathogen is engulfed by the cells into a vacuole known as a phagosome. Lysosomes then fuse with the phagosomes, releasing digestive enzymes into the phagosomes helping digest the pathogem. The now digested pathogens are then ejected from the phagocyte through the process of exocytosis.
(The Process of Phagocytosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28itVVw) Afther the human body had destroyed a ceirtain type of pathogen, the cells that fight the pathogens will remain in the circulatory system. If the same type of pathogen were to enter and try invade the body again, it would not have the time to do so because the cells used to fight the pathogen would be available. This resistance to illnesses is known as immunity. There are two types of immunites: active and passive.
Passive immunities are the immunites passed on from mother to child during birth. Active immunities are immunities that your immune system create.
"Phagocytosis." International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies . N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011. <http://www.ingid.org/teaching-programmes/ Introbasicimmune/phagocytosis1.htm>.
Human Defense System
The human defence system tries to protect the body against pathogens, which refers to fungi, virus, and/or bacteria constantly trying to invade the body. It comprises three main types of immunities: the innate immunity, the adaptive immunity, and the passive immunity.
1st line of defence: Innate Immunity
The innate immunity system is the basic resistance the body possesses against diseases and infections. It acts as the 1st line of defence, preventing disease-causing microbes called pathogens from entering the body. This system consists of physical barriers such as the skin or the mucous lining (scroll down to Examples of each Line of Defence for more examples).
2nd line of defence: Adaptive Immunity
The adaptive immunity system protects the body from re-exposure to a pathogen that already attacked the body once before. This system develops as people are exposed to more diseases or as people become immunized against diseases by vaccinations. Cells that are responsible for this include white blood cells called macrophages and granulocytes or natural killer (NK) cells. For more examples, scroll down to Examples of each Line of Defence .
3rd line of defence: Passive and Active Immunity
The passive immunity system manufactures antibodies called lymphocytes (particularly the B cells and T cells) that destroy pathogens such as virus-infected cells or other damaged, dysfunctional cells.
Concept <Human Defense System>
Human Defense System
There are 3 lines of defense in a human defense system. This system tries to protect the body against pathogens, which refer to fungi, virus, and/or bacteria constantly trying to invade the body through different holes and spaces. The relationship between the human defense system and pathogen can be represented through different factors in Trojan War.
Human Defense System: Troy Kingdom
Pathogen: Greek Troops (invaders)
The Trojan War occurs because Greek Troops invade Troy. The Greek Troop�s official objective was to take back one of the emperor�s wife back. However, they also planned destroy to Troy completely. In the war, Greek Troops were like pathogens that attack our body. While Troy kingdom was the human defense system with several defenses (3) to defend the kingdom.Something that relates them even closer, IF Troy did manage to beat the Greeks in the war. Than next time, if the Greeks were to ever return Troy would be ready, and would use tactics that were most succsessful in there last incounter, just like our body, with creating different antibodies that are effective to different infections and diseases.
The Gate: HolesUsually, the pathogen enters through holes such as mouth, nose, broken skin etc. This is similar to gate of a castle wall, because when it opens it can let harmful beings come in. Sometimes it isn't that gate that opens, welcoming in the army, but it's the walls that break, just like our skin breaking, it's our first line of defence just like that castle. So when our skin breaks the pathogens enter, just like the enemy charging in the broken part in the wall.
1st line of defense: Castle Wall
A physical barrier trying to block out all pathogens that can enter the body. One example of this line is the skin. Like a castle wall, it is non-specific to what it blocks but tries to block out any intruders or invaders. However, the actual physical barrier of our general defense system is not as simple as castle wall. Also, unlike castle wall, some of the physical barrier in our general defense system not only block, but kill/ trap and take other actions to prevent the pathogen. Thereby, they try to keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments in the first place.
2nd line of defense: Troy soldiers
This line of defense takes over if the pathogen manages to get past the first one. It is also a non-specific defense system where it tries to fight off any pathogens. However, one major difference between the first and the second defense is that the 2nd line actually tries to 'fights off' and not just block. The cellular and chemical system immediately responds once a pathogen penetrates. Therefore, they take more action and processes. For example, once the skin is broken and micro-organism penetrates into our body, white blood cells engulf it to let it become digested. This line of defense is just like soldiers inside their castle wall (1st line of defense) fighting off enemies who have managed to intrude into the walls.
3rd line of defense: Assassins
Unlike the other two, is a specific defense system where the system attacks specific invaders. This defense system is like assassins who are asked to kill major threats. Inside our body, this can happen by the production of antibodies or by specialized white blood cells engulfing and destroying the particular pathogen. These days, artificial active immunity is also used, called vaccination. In this way, the white blood cells and antibodies are like assassins.
Examples of each Line of Defense:
Besides the first line of defense described above like skin ect. the immune system can be split into two main categories:
Innate (non specific - attacks all pathogens) and adaptive (specific-attacks only 1 specific pathogen)
In both of these categories you have the Humoral and Cellular defense system.
In the second and third line of defense you can distinguish between humoral immunity and celluar immunity. Humoral immunity is a defense system that involes substances that are found in the body fluids (blood etc.). Celluar immunity is based on the different white blood cells of the body.
Innate -non specific
A) Humoral non specific:
The non specific Humoral defense system consists of:- cytokine (small chemical molecules which serves as small messages between cells for example interferon)- complement system (small proteins in the blood that are inactive but get activated by cytokine) It supports or complements the immune system by:The key principle is to make it easier for the celluar defense system to get rid of the pathogens.
B) Cellular non specific
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- monocytes
- NK (natural killer) cells
- eosinophils
Adaptive - specific
A) Humoral Specific- antibodies (see table below)
B) Cellular specific
- T Cells (kill pathogen which carry antibodies on their surface) - memory cells (remember the antigen and when it comes again to the body they can get rid of it very quickly)
- B Cells ( produce antibodies)
(The Immune Responce http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7rQuFZxVQQ)
In order to fight off diseases, our body can recognize foreign materials and invaders when they enter our body. These �invaders� are bacteria, viruses, etc� that are covered with molecules called antigens. Antigens give the �invaders� a sense of uniqueness and are usually parts of protein or carbohydrate molecules. There are countless numbers of antigens, each having a different shape, being recognized by the white blood cells in one�s immune system. Antigen stands for antibody genorator, which means that they stimulate the antibodies to come and attack the pathogen beneath the antigen.The white blood cells produce antibodies in order to match the shape of the antigens. These antibodies envelope the antigens, killing the �invaders� (which are also known as pathogens).
(Immune Response http://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/640_647.pdf)
http://d7a310.u5w7.com/nodvscan/?7e4=ntbh&e6e00690fbb=jbjmnestzz&f0a5c01=ajtzhjttth
However, sometimes things may go wrong. For example, the immune system may take a couple of days to produce enough antibodies in order to fight off the pathogens. During this wait, the body tissues may get damaged and symptoms of the infection may be felt. This can result in serious body damage, possibly creating symptoms such as fevers, coughs, running noses, etc�
(Sneeze http://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/640_647.pdf)
In order to elimnate the pathogens, there are two types of phagocytic cells that carry out the process of phagocytosis. These cells are known as neutrophils and monocytes. Phagocytosis is the process where these cells kill and ingest the foreign materials (pathogens). At first, the phagocytic cells created from the process get attracted to the area where the pathogens are at. Once moved in, the cells attach themselves to the microorganisms, coating around the pathogens. This process is known as opsonization. Once coated around the pathogen, the pathogen is engulfed by the cells into a vacuole known as a phagosome. Lysosomes then fuse with the phagosomes, releasing digestive enzymes into the phagosomes helping digest the pathogem. The now digested pathogens are then ejected from the phagocyte through the process of exocytosis.
(The Process of Phagocytosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28itVVw)
Afther the human body had destroyed a ceirtain type of pathogen, the cells that fight the pathogens will remain in the circulatory system. If the same type of pathogen were to enter and try invade the body again, it would not have the time to do so because the cells used to fight the pathogen would be available. This resistance to illnesses is known as immunity. There are two types of immunites: active and passive.
Passive immunities are the immunites passed on from mother to child during birth. Active immunities are immunities that your immune system create.
(Types of immunities
http://www.lionden.com/slides-immune-lymph.htm)
For more imformation on Immunity, you should visit:
http://circsystemsunsig09r3a.wikispaces.com/%28c%29%09+Immunity+and+vaccination
Works Cited
"Animation: Phagocytosis." Human Anatomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011.
<http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/
animation__phagocytosis.html>.
"Antigens." D7a310. Web. 31 May 2011. <http://d7a310.u5w7.com/nodvscan/?7e4
"Cell-mediated Immunity." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 31 May 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity.
"Human immune system ." School Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011.
http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/abpi/immune/immune4.html.
"Humoral Immunity." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 31 May 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immunity.
"Immune Response, The" Online Posting. Youtube. April 16 2009. Web. 25 May 2011.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7rQuFZxVQQ.
"Immune system defends the body, The." Class Zone. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011.
http://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/640_647.pdf.
"Immunity & Lymph Slides." Lion Den. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2011.
http://www.lionden.com/slides-immune-lymph.htm.
"Innate Immune System." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 31 May 2011.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system.
"Phagocytosis." International Nursing Group for Immunodeficiencies . N.p., n.d.
Web. 25 May 2011. <http://www.ingid.org/teaching-programmes/
Introbasicimmune/phagocytosis1.htm>.
"Process of Phagocytosis, The." Online Posting. Youtube. 5 May 2009. Web. 25 May 2011.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VQU28itVVw
Picture:
"Antigens." D7a310. Web. 31 May 2011. http://d7a310.u5w7.com/nodvscan/?7e4=ntbh&e6e00690fbb=jbjmnestzz&f0a5c01=ajtzhjttth.
Information: